CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 : Problems in the Proofs of Causation

Proof of Causation

Evidence in the Four Jurisdictions

CHAPTER 2 : Flexibility

Importance and Mutability of the Traditional Standards

Flexibility and Independence of the Judiciary

Flexibility in Light of Expert Controversies

CHAPTER 3 : Reversal of the Burden of Proving Causation

Common Law

Civil Law

Critical Analysis

CHAPTER 4 : Probabilistic Assessment of Damages

Loss of Chance

Market-share Liability

Critical Analysis (Loss of Chance)

CHAPTER 5 : Inferences of Causation

Inferences and Factual Presumptions

The Development of Justifications

Critical Analysis

Final Analysis and Conclusion